Glaciares de Chile

- Glaciares del Monte Melimoyu
- Glaciares del Volcán Mentolat
- Glaciares del Volcán Cay
- Glaciares del Volcán Macá
- Glaciares del Volcán Hudson
- Glaciar Erasmo
- Glaciar San Rafael
- Glaciar San Quintín
- Campo de Hielo Norte
- Glaciar Nef
- Glaciar Colonia
- Lago Cachet II
- Glaciar Steffen
- Glaciares del Monte San Lorenzo
- Glaciar Jorge Montt
- Glaciar Los Moscos
- Glaciar Bernardo
- Glaciar O’Higgins
- Glaciar Chico
- Campo de Hielo Sur

- Campo de Hielo Sur
- Glaciar Témpanos
- Glaciar Pío XI
- Glaciar Dickson
- Glaciar Olvidado
- Glaciar Grey
- Glaciar Amalia
- Glaciar Pingo
- Incendio en 2012 en Torres del Paine
- Glaciar Tyndall
- Isla Desolación
- Glaciares de la Isla Santa Inés
- Seno Gabriel
- Glaciar Marinelli
- Fiordo Parry
- Cordillera Darwin
- Glaciar Garibaldi
- Glaciar Roncagli
- Glaciares Isla Hoste
Antártica
"The surface energy balance of an active ice-covered volcano: Volcán Villarrica, southern Chile"
Resumen / Abstract.
The energy balance of bare snow and tephra-covered ice near the glacier equilibrium line elevation on Villarrica Volcano, southern Chile, was investigated during 2004 and 2005, combining meteorological, surface temperature and ablation measurements with energy balance modelling. A tephra thermal conductivity of 0.35Wm–1 K–1, and a critical tephra thickness of <5mm at which ablation is reduced compared to bare snow, were obtained from field data. These low values are attributable to the highly porou The energy balance of bare snow and tephra-covered ice near the glacier equilibrium line elevation on Villarrica Volcano, southern Chile, was investigated during 2004 and 2005, combining meteorological, surface temperature and ablation measurements with energy balance modelling. A tephra thermal conductivity of 0.35Wm–1 K–1, and a critical tephra thickness of <5mm at which ablation is reduced compared to bare snow, were obtained from field data. These low values are attributable to the highly porous lapilli particles which make up most of the surface material. Modelled melt totals in the January to March period were 4.95m and 3.96m water equivalent (w.e.) in 2004 and 2005, respectively, compared with 0.5mw.e. melt for ice buried by >0.1m tephra. Windblown tephra impurities lowered snow albedo, but increased snowmelt by only an estimated 0.28mw.e. over the same period. The net mass balance impact of supraglacial tephra at Villarrica Volcano is therefore positive, as thick ash and lapilli mantle most of the glacier ablation zones, probably reducing annual ablation by several metres w.e. In the accumulation seasons, frequent melting events were recorded with modelled daily snowmelt rates of up to 50mmw.e.